Basic Grammar in Use Lesson 36

ㅁ Preposition + NOUN

- 시간에 대한 전치사 (Time)

[Befor / After / during / while]

ㅁ before : ~전에 (명사 /문장을 둘 다 사용가능하다)

Ex) before the movie (NOUN)

Ex) before we played tennis (문장 S+V)

ㅁ after : ~뒤에 (명사 /문장을 둘 다 사용가능하다)

Ex) after the movie (NOUN)

Ex) after we played tennis (문장 S+V)

ㅁ during :~중간에/ 동안에 + NOUN(명사만 온다 / 문장이 오지 않는다)

Ex) during the movie

Ex) during the class

Ex) during the vacation

ㅁ While : ~동안에 + [S+V] -> (문장이 온다 / 명사가 오지 않는다. ^^

Ex) while you were sleeping

ㅁ while + ~ing / before /after

Ex) We didn't speak while (we were) eating. -> 반복이 많다.

'우리가' 가 반복된다. !! 주어 동사를 같이 생략한다. ㅋㅋ

->  We didn't speak while eating. -> 주어 동사를 같이 생략

ㅇ while sleeping : 자는 동안에

ㅇ while eating : 먹는 동안에

ㅇ while studying : 공부하는 동안에

ㅇ before going : 가기 전에

ㅇ after eating : 먹고 난 후에

-> 전치사는 명사를 이어주는 접착제이다 ^^

★ When you add -ing at the end of verb~ (동사를 명사로 만드는 법)

Verb (sleep/eat/study...) + -ing -> NOUN 같이 변한다.

Ex) sing(노래하다) -> singing(노래하기) 명사 만드는 방법 "-ing"

Verb               NOUN

Ex) I always have breakfast before (I) go to work.

before going to work.

->주어가 같을 때 -> 주어가 다른 경우에는 생략을 하지 않는다.

'I' 가 중복되므로 생략. 그러면 동사 go만 남게 됨. ing를 이용하여 명사 만들기

UNIT  101  in, at, and on (Places 1)

[공간에 대한 전치사(place 1)] - in/ at/ on

ⓐ  in : 뚜렷한 경계선이 있어 안과 밖이 나뉨.

-> 범위/ 형식 / 틀     -> 행적구역 / 나라

-  two dimesional (2차원적이던)

-  three dimensional (3차원적이든)

Ex) in the classroom          Ex) in Seoul / in Korea

Ex) I'm interested in music.-> 음악이란 분야와 음악이 아닌 분ⓑ ⓑ  at : 경계선이나 구분이 뚜렷하지 않음 -> 대략적인 구역

Ex) at a bus stop

Ex) at the door (문 앞에라는 일반적인 개념)

Ex) Turn left at a traffic light.

Ex) She's sitting at a desk.

※ on the door

Ex) The street number is on the door.

Ex) I'm sitting on the chair.

※ in the door

Ex) 문 사이에 끼는 경우

※ at the door

Ex) Somebody is at the door.

※ at the top of the paper (of the page)

at the bottom of the paper (of the page)

at the end of (정확하게 짜르지 못하는 경우 at을 사용)

ⓒ on : 표면과 표면

Ex) on a shelf              Ex) on a plate

Ex) on the wall             Ex) on the bus

Ex) on a bicycle

UNIT  102 In, at and on (Places 2)

[공간에 대한 전치사(place 2)] - in/ at/ on

ⓐ in : 상황(Situation)

- in bed           Ex1) go to bed

NOUN(침대) -> 본질적인 개념(잠자리)

ㅇ 명사에 관사(a, the)를 붙여야 되는데 아무것도 없다. 왜?

-> 본질적인 생각 필요

Ex2) She is sleeping in bed.          Ex3) I'm sick in bed.

- in prison(수감중인) / in jail / go to prison (벌 받으러 가다)

'in'은 상황을 표현한다.

- in the hospital     Ex) She is in the hospital.

- in the sky

- in the world

- in a newspaper(내용) / in a book

- in a photograph / in a picture

- in a car / in a taxi

- in the middle of / at the top of / at the bottom of

ⓑ at : activity

ㅁ at work (at은 장소뿐만 아니라 활동을 암시한다.)

Ex) Q : Where are you?        A : I'm at work. (회사야.)

Ex) Q : What are you doing now?

A :  I'm at working (일하고 있어)

ㅁ at home

Ex) Make yourself at home. 편히 계세여!

ㅁ 장소와 activity가 밀접하게 관련되어 있는 경우

ㅁ at the station / at the airport

ㅁ at the post office / at the supermarket

ㅁ at somebody's house.          Ex) I'm at John's house.

ㅁ at a party (장소를 나타낼 수 있슴 : 파티에서)

ㅁ at a baseball game

ㅁ at the hairdresser's

ㅁ at a concert

★ home : 집 / 집으로, 집에

Ex) I'm home. (= I'm at home.)

Ex) I stay home. (= I stay at home)

ㅁ in school : 학생이다.  -> status (학교에 있는 상황 !! )

Ex) I go to school. (= I am a student.) -> I'm in school.

ㅁ at school : 공부하다

ⓒ on :  ㅁ on a bus / on a train / on a plane / on a boat

ㅁ on the first floor (or ground floor) / on the second floor

영국영어의 1층

ㅁ on the way : '가는 길에'

[Exercise 102.2] ※ write in/ at/ on.

1. Where's your sister? Is she home? "No, she's at school."

공부하고 있어요!

2. There was a big table in the middle of the room.

안팍이 나누어짐

3. What is the longest river in the world?

4. Were there many people at the concert last night?

5. Will you be at/X home tomorrow afternoon?

6. Who is the man in this photograph? Do you know him?

7. "Is your son going to get married soom?"

"No, he's still in college."     학교에 속해 있어요 (학생이에요)

8. Eric is coming by train. I'm going to meet him at the station.

9. Charlis is in the hospital. He had an operation yesterday.

병원에 입원해 있는 상태

10. How many pages are there in the book?

11. "Are you hungry after your trip?" "No, I ate on the plane."

- flight                                   비행 중에

- in fligt (비행 중에)

- in fligt meal (기내식)  비행 상태

12. I'm sorry I'm late. My car broke down on the way.

13. "Is Tom here?" "No, he's at his brother's."

14. Don't believe everything  you see in the newspaper!

15. I walked to work, but I came home on the bus.

16. A : (on the phone) Can I speak to Anne, please?.

B :  No, sorry. She"ll be at the university until 5:00 today.

[오늘의 팁]

1. 공간에 대한 전치사 in은 내부와 외부의 경계가 분명한 것에,

at은 경계가 불분명하고 전체를 하나의 점이나 덩어리로 보는 것에

on은 표면에 닿고 안 닿고로 구분되는 것에 사용된다.

2. 전치사 in 은 뒤에 나오는 명사와 연관된 상태를 암시한다. 이런 경우     종종 뒤의  명사가 구체적 대상이 아닌 본질적인 개념에 가깝게 쓰여     추상 명사처럼 관사 없이 사용될 수 있다.  반면 at은 공간 개념과 함     께 뒤에 나오는 명사와 관련된 activity 를 암시한다.

3. 교통수단을 나타낼 때에는 주로 on을 써서 나타내며, 길이나 도로를      의미할 때에도 보통 On을 사용한다.

Basic Grammar in Use Lesson 37

ㅁ Preposition (3)

명사를 문장에 더해주기 위한 접착제

1) 시간에 대한 전치사 (time)

2) 공간에 대한 전치사 (place)

3) 상황이나 활동을 암시하는 전치사

ㅁ in the hospital -> 미국 영어의 관점 : 의료 서비스의 개념

-> at the supermaket/ at the post office / at the airport

1) in -> 상황이나 지위, 상태를 암시!

2) at -> 장소와 연관된 강한 activity(활동)에 대한 idea!

ㅁ in hostipal -> 영국 영어의 관점

: 의료 서비스 개념을 떠나서 아픈 사람이 치료 받는 곳

Ex) Jenny is in hospital.    -> in bed / in prison

UNIT 103   To, in and at (Places 3)

[움직임을 나타내는 전치사]

ㅁ 움직임(movement)을 나타내는 전치사

★ to : 이동되는 방향이나 목적지를 나타냄.

Ex) go to school

움직임을  나타내는 동사와 관련되어 쓰인다.

->go / come / return / walk / run / drive / swim

- 시작을 나타내는 전치사 ->from

Ex1) We're going to New York next week.

Ex2) We walked from my house to the mall.

Ex3) I am going to the supermaket. (수퍼마켓 가는 중)

[c.f] I am shopping at the supermaket. (수퍼마켓에서 쇼핑 중)

ㅁ home : 집, 집으로 / 집에

I am home.(O)            I am at home. (O)

I stay home. (O)          I stay at home. (O)

-> 방향으로의 '집으로'에는 'to'를 쓰지 않는다.

-> home에는 to를 쓰지 않는다.

ㅁ arrive and get

1) get -> 도착의 의미

- get to the room

- get to the school

2) arrive -> get과 미묘한 차이가 있다. ^^

- arrive in : 경계선이 분명할 때 (nation / town)

- arrive at : 작은 한 지점이나 장소 (station / airport)

UNIT 104   Next to, between, under, etc

[next to , between, etc.]

ㅁ next to , between, under, etc.

1) next to ~ 옆에

Ex) Julian is next to the television.

2) between ~ 사이에

Ex) between the television

* between A and B : A와 B 사이에

3) in front of ~앞에

4) in back of ~뒤에  = behind

5) across from ~을 마주보고서, ~의 맞은편으로

Ex) I am across from Jenny, Jenny is across from me.

6) by ~근처에, 부근에

7) under ~ 아래에, 밑에

8)

above

below - below zero (영하)

UNIT  105  Up, over, through, etc

9) into : 경계선 안으로 쑥 들어가는 모습

Ex) I am diving into the river

10) out of : 밖으로 나가는 모습

Ex) Get out of here.

11) 표면에 닿는다 : on / 붙었다 떨어진다 : off

Ex1) I am wearing a white sweater. -> 이미 입고 있는 상태

Ex2) Put on the jacket.

Ex3) Take off the jacket.     일부러 잡아떼는 것

12)

Q : 누워있다 않으면?            A : sit up : 윗몸 일으키기

13) Over

UNIT  106  On, at, by, with, and about

ㅁ on        on the table    /     on the wall

Ex1) go on a trip

Ex2) How many players are three on a soccer team?

[on] : 스케줄이나 표면에 닿는 것

on vacation

on television

on the radio

on the line / on the phone

on the Internet

on fire

on time

[at] : 숫자에 대한 접착제

at 21

at 50 killmeters an hour

at 100 degrees centigrade

[by] : 수단을 나타낼 때

by car / by bus / by train

[cf.]  on the bus    /    on foot

- a book by / a painting by

- by vs. with

Ex) I cut the paper by the scissors   .* 도구 - with,  주체 - by

with

[about] : ~에 대해서

[Exercise 105.2]

1. The dos swam across the river.

2. A book fell off the shelf.

3. A plane flew over the town.

4. A woman got out of car.

5. A girl ran into the street.

6. Suddenly a car came around the corner.

7. They all drove past the town.

8. They got on the train.

9. The moon travels around the earth.

10. They got into the house through a window.

[오늘의 팁]

1. 정지된 상태에서의 위치를  나타내는  preposition in, at 등과

움직임(이동)을 나타내는 preposition to를 구분하자.

2. 표면에 닿는 개면 뿐 아니라 일정, 명단, 전파를 통해 전송되는 것 등

다양한 경우에 on 을 쓴다.

3. by는 교통수단이나 passive(수동태)에서의 주체를 나타낼 때 주로 쓰     이고, with는 보조수단이나 추가로 더해지는 것들에 쓰일 수 있다.

Basic Grammar in Use Lesson 38

ㅁ to와 at

- throw ~ to : 방향

at : 겨냥 (= targeting)

- aim at : 겨냥하다. 목표로 하다.

ㅁ from / than

- different

Ex) A is different from B.

than

ㅁ in : 범위, 분야

ㅁ about :~ 에 대해서

ㅁ for      Ex) I went to the store to buy some bread.

-> I went to the store for some bread.

UNIT  107  Afraid of, good at, etc

ㅁ Adhective + Preposition

- afraid of (~을 두려워한)

- tired of (~에 싫증난)

* tire : 피곤하게 만들다

Ex1) I'm tired. (나 피곤해)

Ex2) He is tiring. (그는 정말 사람을 피곤하게 만들어.)

* afraid : 무서운    /    * scare : 무섭게 하다

Ex) I'm scared. (나 무서워)

of : 주체를 그렇게 만들어 놓은 대상을 밝혀줄 때 사용

Ex1) I'm afraid of dog.

Ex2) I'm tired of my job.

ㅁ angry at / mad at (~에게 화난)

Ex) Don't be angry at me!

at : ~을 겨냥할 때

ㅁ angry about / mad about (~에 대해 화가 난)

ㅁ different from / different tnan (~과 다른)

ㅁ full of (~으로 가득찬)

of : 채우는 대상(주체)

Ex) The room was full of people.

ㅁ good at (~을 잘하는)

ㅁ bad  at (~을 못하는)

ㅁ interested in (~에 흥미가 있는)

ㅁ married to (~와 결혼한)

* marry :  결혼하다 (+ 대상)

ㅁ nice / knid of somebody to

Ex) You are kind.       Ex) It's kind of you.

ㅁ nice / kind to somebody

ㅁ sorry about something

ㅁ sorry for somebody

Ex) I feel sorry for her.

UNIT  108  Listen to... , look at..., etc

Preposition + V-ing

ㅁ Verb + preposition

- ask somebody for~

Ex) Ask for more~.

ㅁ belong to (~에 속하다)

ㅁ happen to (~에게 일이 일어나다)

ㅁ listen to

* 듣다

hear : (저절로) 들리다.

listen : (귀를 기울여) 듣다.

ㅁ look at

* 보다

see : (저절로) 보이다.     Ex) I see a girl in front of me.

look at : (시선을 고정시켜) 보다.

ㅁ look for (~을 찾다)

ㅁ speak / talk to somebody about~

ㅁ take care of (~을 돌보다)

Ex) I'm taking care of the baby.

ㅁ thank somebody for~

Ex) Thank you for the gift.

Ex) Thank you for helping me.

ㅁ think about ~ / think of ~ (~을 생각하다.)

ㅁ wait for (~를 기다리다.)          Ex) I'm waiting for John.

ㅁ write and call

ㅇ write (to) somebody

Ex) I'll write you. (O)       Ex) I'll write to you. (O)

ㅇ call somebody

Ex) I'll call you. (O)    /    I'll call to you. (X)

ㅁ depend on (= rely on)

on : ~에 달려있다. 의지하다

Ex) lean on (~에게 기대다      Ex) count on (~에게 의지하다)

UNIT  109  Go in, fall off, run away, etc

ㅁ two-word Verb (1)

ㅁ away and off

--------->

run away

run off           Ex) drive away / drive off

ㅁ back

Ex1) Come back.      Ex2) Go back.

ㅁ around

Ex1) Look around.    Ex2) Turn around.

UNIT  110 Put on your shoes and put your shoes on

Ex1) Put the books on the table.

Ex2) Put on your jacket. (= Put your jacket on.)

Ex3) Turn on the light.       ( Turn the light on.)

Ex4) Turn off the light.       (Turn the light off.)

Ex5) Put it on. (O) / Put on it. (X)

Put them on. (O) / Put on them. (X)

대상이 대명사일 경우에는  위치를 바꿀 수 없다.

[Exercise 110.3]

Compleate the sentences. Use one of the verbs in the list + it/them.

<보기> bring   pick   take   turn   turn  (+ on/off /up/back)

1. I wanted to watch something on television, so I  turned it on.

2. My new lamp doesn't work. I'm going to take/bring it back to the store.

3. Your gloves were on the floor, so I picked them up and put them     on the table.

4. When I finished working on the computer, I turned it off.

5. Thank you for leading me these books. I won't forget to bring them back.

[오늘의 팁]

1. nice/kind 등의 어휘 뒤에 오는 of는 nice/kind 한 사람이 누군가를

의미하고, to가 오는 경우에는 주어가 nice/kind 한 대상을 나타낸다

2. sorry 뒤에 about을 써서 미안하고 유감스러운 이유나 사건에 대해

이야기 할 수 있고, for를 이용항 안타까운 심정을 가진 대상(주로

사람)을 표현할 수 있다.orry 뒤에 S+V 형태의 문장이 올 수 도 있다.

3. put on 이나 take off와 같이 두 개의 단어로 이루어진 동사 표현은      그 대상을 사이에 혹은 뒤에 위치시킨다. 단, 대상이 it이나 them과

같은 대명사일 경우에는 반드시 두 단어 사이에 위치시킨다.

Basic Grammar in Use Lesson 39

UNIT   111  And, but, or, so, and because

[and, but, or]

-> 문장(S+V)과 문장(S+V)을 이어주는 역할 (접착제/윤활제)

1) and - 그리고

-> 사건이 일어난 순서대로 애기할 때 and를 사용하지 않아도 된다.

Ex) I got up early in the morning.

I washed my face.

I had breakfast.

I left home.

단, 맨 마지막 것을 언급하기 전에 and를 넣어준다.

Ex) I like apples, bananas, oranges, pineapples and mango(e)s.

-> A, B, C and D

2) but - 그러나

-> 생각의 흐름이나 예상을 뒤엎을 때 사용

Ex) I bought a newspaper, but I didn't read it.

It's a nice house, but it hasn't got a garage.

3) or -  또는

[콤마를 사용하는 경우]

[and]

Ex1) We stayed at home and we watched the television.

| we 라는 주어가 같으므로 생략이 가능하다.

-> We stayed at home and watched the television.

Ex2) My sister is married and lives in London.

| and 앞에 콤마가 없다. = 주어가 같은 경우에는 콤마 안 쓴다.

Ex3) He doesn't like her, and she doesn't like him.

| 주어가 다르면 새로운 문장이 시작될 표시를 준다.

=> 주어가 같을 경우엔 콤마(,)가 없다.

그러나 주어가 다를 경우엔 and 앞에 콤마(,)가 온다.

[but]

Ex1) I bought a newspaper, but I didn't read it.

Ex2) It's a nice house, but it hasn't got a garage.

[or]

Ex) Do you want to go out, or are you too tired? |주어가 다름.

[list를 열거할 때 콤마사용]

Apples, bananas, oranges and pineapples.

[so &because]

1) so 그래서, 그결과 = the result of something

Ex) It was very hot, so we opened the window. 그래서

Ex) They had free time, so they went for a drive. 그래서

Ex) I don't like to travel, so I haven't been to many places.

2) because 왜냐하면 = the reason for something

Ex) We opened the window because it was very hot.

Ex) They didn't go for a drive because they didn't have time.

-> Because they didn't have time, they didn't go for a drive.

이유절 [시간이 없었기 때문에,

UNIT  112  When...

[가정법] (만약에 ~하면)

UNIT  113  If we go... If you see... , etc

0. When S ~,        ~

S ~

S will ~

내가 어렸을 때 -> When I was a child

수퍼 가면 오렌지 좀 사와라.

* When : very likely to happen, probably 90%
-> When you go to the supermarket, buy some oranges.

* If : It's likely, 50%

-> If you go to the supermarket, buy some oranges.

* 때를 암시하는 말

- before ~직전에

- after ~후에

- as soon as ~하자마자

- while ~동안에

1. If S ~,   ~

S~

S will ~

UNIT  114   If I had... , if we went..., etc

2. If S -ed, S would ~

-ed  1) 시간으로 한 걸음 물러난다.

2) 태도가 한 걸음 물러난다.

3) 현실에서 한 걸음 물러난다. (-> 가상)

Ex) If I were/was a bird, I would fly to you.

Ex) If I were a millionaire

Ex) If I won a million dollars

Ex) If I had a million dollars, I would buy a car.

* 내가 돈만 있어도

If I had the money (O)

If I have the money (X)

* 내가 열쇠만 있었어도 집에 들어갈 수 있을 뗀데.

If I had the key, I would come into the apartment.

-> 현재 안 되는 것에 대한 아쉬움을 바랄 때

3. If S had p.p, S   would

would have p.p

-> 타임머신 가정법 : 이미 벌어진 일에 대해서 상상

-> basic GIU에서 언급하지 않음

[Exercise 114.1]

1. I don't know the answer. If I knew the answer, I'd tell you.

2. I have a cer. I couldn't travel much If I didn't have a car.

3. I don't want to go out. If I wanted to go out, I'd go.

4. We don't have, a key. If we had a key, we could get into the        house.

5. I'm not hungry. I would have something to eat If I was/were          hungry

6. Sue enjoys her work. She wouldn't do it if she didn't enjoy it.

7. You can't drive. If you could drive, I would lend you my car.

8. He speaks too fast. I could understand him better if he spoke        more slowly.

9. I have a lot to do today. If I didn't have so much to do.

We could go out.

[오늘의 팁]

1. When은 어떠한 일이 일어났거나 거의 확실히 혹은 전반적으로 일어나     는 경우를 암시하지만 If 는 그러한 일이 벌어질지 벌어지지 않을지

확실치 않은 경우에 사용한다. 단, 두 경우 모두 미래의 일을

암시하더라도 동사의 시간은 현재로 표현한다.

2. If 뒤에 S+~ed 형태가 오는 경우, 상상 속에서 벌어지거나 현재로선      어쩔 수 없는 바람 등 이루어지기 힘든 것들을 의미한다. 따라서 뒤에     따라오는 형태도  S+would~ 로 생각 속에서만 이루어지는 바람이나     상황을 표현 한다

Basic Grammar in Use Lesson 40

[가정법 ->만약에 ~하면]

Ex) If I didn't study very hard, I wouldn't be here.

(내가 열심히 공부하지 않았다면, 여기에 없었을 거야)

-> You study hard.

*  Ralative Clauses (1)

Ex1)  I met a woman. [that]

She can speak 6 languages.

-> I met a woman that can speak 6 languages.

Ex2) Jim was wearing a hat. [that]

It was too big for him.

-> Jim was wearing a hat that was too big for him.

Ex1-1] I met a woman who can speak 6 languages.

사람

Ex2-1] Jim was wearing a hat which was too big for him.

사물

* 관계 대명사

who - for people (Not things)

that - for things or people (multiple purpose)

which - for things (not People)

[Relative Clauses (2) - 예문 1]

Ex1] I met a woman (that) can speak 6 languages.

V

-> 주격 관계대명사 : 생략할 수 없다.

Ex2] Kim took pictures.

Did you see them?

-> Did you see the pictures (that/which) Kim took?

생략가능    S + V

[Relative Clauses (2) - 예문 2]

Ex1] We stayed at a hotel.

* It was near the station.

-> The hotel (that/which) we stayed at was near the station.

V

전치사를  빠뜨리지 않도록 주의

전치사가 관계대명사 앞에 올 경우에 which만 쓸 수 있다

Ex) at that (X)  /  at which (O)

Ex2] The hotel at which we stayed was near the station.

*  장소를 나타내는 전치사 + which

: at which / in which (=where)

-> The hotel where we stayed was near the station.

Receptive skill (Listening, Reading)

Productive skill (Speaking, Writing)

[Exercise 116.3]

1. What's the name of the hotel you stayed at?

2. Who are the people you spoke to?

3. Did you find the keys you were looking for?

4. The house they live in is too small for them.

= The house which they live in is too small for them.

= The house where they live is too small for them.

5. The map I looked at wasn't very clear.

6. I fell off the chair I was sitting on.

7. The bus we were waiting for was very late.

8. Who is the man Nicole is dancing with?

[오늘의 팁]

1. 관계대명사는 어떤 명사에 대해 문장이나 구절로 설명 할 수      있도록 연결해 주는 단어이다.

S+V 형태로 설명할 경우 생략이 가능하다. 명사에 따라

who, which, that 등으로 형태를 달리할 수 있고,

해당 명사를 반복하지 않음을 기억하고, 전치사를 생략하지

않도록 주의하자.