Basic Grammar in Use Lesson 31

UNIT 81     Every and all

ㅁ NOUN

ㅇ the : 한번에 명확하게 영상이 떠오르는 경우 명사 앞에 the를 쓴다.

ㅇ Countable noun : (셀 수 있는 명사)

- 1개 : singular (단수) -> a /an

- 2개 이상 : plural (복수) ->  Noun-s

ㅇ Uncountable Noun (셀 수 없는 명사)

-> 관사 붙이지 않는다.

Ex) Rabbits are cute. ((웬만한)토끼는 귀엽다.)

ㅇ Abstract Noun ( 추상명사)

- 가루 액체 덩어리 반죽

Ex)  Money isn't everything.

ㅇ some / any

- some : 어떤 존재가 있다. -> 긍정적(Positivee)

- any : 존재에 대한 의심, 불확신 -> 부정적 (Negative)

ㅁ all and every [의미는 '모든' 으로 똑 같다]

ㅇ all : 전체를 본다. (Plural)

Ex) All rabbits are cute.

- every : 전체를 구성하는  구성요소 각각을 본다.

-> singular 로 취급한다.

Ex1) Every rabbit is cute.

Ex2) Every rose has its thorn. 모든 장미는 가시가 있다.

문법적 단수| 3인칭단수

Ex3) All students are~.

-> Every student is~.

ㅁ every day / all day

ㅇ every day : 매일 = on all days

SUN	MON	TUE	WED	THU	FRI	SAT
every day

It rained every day last week.

Bill watches TV for about two hours every evening.(=on all evenings)

Also : every morning/ night / summer, etc

ㅇ all day : 하루 종일 = the complete day

- beginning of the day <----- all day -----> end of the day

Yesterday it rained all day.

On Monday, I watched TV all evening. (= the complete evening)

Also : all morning / night / summer. etc

all morning    오전 내내     all week       일주일 내내

all afternoon   오후 내내     all month       한 달  내내

all evening     저녁 내내     all year         일 년 내내

all night       밤새 내내      all one's life     ~ 평생

Ex) all my life / all his life

ㅁ everybody (everyone) 사람

everything 사물            -> 뒤에 단수동사(singular verb)가 온다.

everywhere 장소

ㅇ everybody(everyone) : 사람일 때

ㅇ everything : 사물일 때

ㅇ everywhere : 장소일 때

UNIT  82     all, most, some, any and no/none

ㅁ all, most, some, any, and no/none

ㅇ all (전체를 말할 때)

Ex) all apples

ㅇ most (전체가 아닌 대부분을 말할 떄)

Ex) most apples

Ex) Most apples are red. (대부분의 사과는 빨갛다.)

ㅇ some (많지는 않지만 조금 있을 때)

Ex) Some apples are green. (어떤 사과는 초록색이다. )

ㅇ any (없거나 의심스러울 때)

ㅇ no / none (없을 때)

all          most        some        any   no / none / not +any

Ex) no apple (=None)

ㅁ all / most / some / none + of the~

-> 'of'뒤에는 '범위에 제한을 둔 것'이 온다.

Ex1) All of the apples are delicious.

Ex2) Most of the apples are delicious

Ex3) Some of the apples are delicious

Ex4) None of the apples are delicious

ㅁ all + of the (=all the) -> All 뒤에 'of' 생략가능하다.

Ex1) all the apples

Ex2) all the people

all	of
most		them
some		it
any		my
none		your

ㅁ of + Pronoun(대명사)

Ex1) most of my apples

Ex2) Most children like to play.

( 대부분의 아이들은 노는 것을 좋아한다.)

-> Most of the children like to play in this school.

( 이 학교의 대부분의 아이들은 노는 것을 좋아한다.)

UNIT 83        both, either, and neither

	+		both (둘 다)
?	or	?	either (둘 줄 하나)
x		x	neither (둘다 아닌)

Compare either and neither :

Ex) "Would you like tea or coffee? "

1. "Either. It doesn't matter."

2. "I don't want either." (Not I don't want neither.)

3. "Neither." (= not tea or coffee.)  ====> not either = neither

ㅁ both + plural => both windows / both books / both children, etc

either(neither) + singular = either window / either book

/ either child, etc

ㅁ both of~ / either of~ / neither of~

Ex) Neither of my parents is Canadian.

Ex) I like both of those pictures.

Ex) both of them / either of them / neither of us

UNIT  84     a lot, much, and many

ㅁ a lot / much / many

ㅇ many + countable noun

ㅇ much + Uncountable noun

-> 부정문과 의문문에서 쓰인다.

ㅇ a lot of + countable noun / uncountable noun

Ex) a lot of apples.         Ex) a lot of money

[참고] cost로 문장 만들기

Ex) It costs a lot of money.

Ex) It doesn't cost much money. -> 부정이나 질문에는 much                                             사용 .[a lot of -> much]

ㅁ a little /  a few and little / few

ㅇ a little + Uncountable noun

ㅇ a few + Countable noun

ㅇ little / few : 거의 없을 때 쓴다.

Ex) I have a little money. 돈이 조금 있다.

-> I have little money. 돈이 거의 없다.

오늘의 팁

1. Say 다음에는 바로 말한 내용이 온다. 누구에게 말했는가는 꼭 넣지      않아도 되며, 이야기하고자 한다면 to를 써서 표현한다.

tell은 다음에 반드시 말한 '대상'이 나온 뒤에 내용을 이야기 한다.

2. 남의 말을 전하는 보고문(reported speech)에서는 말한 시점이 이미      지나가버린 과거이므로 동사도 거기에 맞추어 준다.

또한 등장인물도 바뀔 수 있다

Basic Grammar in Use Lesson 32

지난시간 복습

ㅁ 명사(NOUN)

1. 관사를 알아야 한다.

-> all, most / both, either, neither

2. 명사가 주어 일 때 동사의 단수/복수를 구분해야 한다.

-> am, are, is / do, does / have, has

Ex) Most of the children is / are~.

ㅁ most / some / none

[Exercise 82.1]

1. Most children like to play.       복수

2. Some of this money is yours.     단수

3. None of my friends are married.    단수

ㅁ both / either / neither

1. both (둘 다) -> plural

Ex) Both are married.

2. either (둘 중 하나) -> singular

3. neither (둘 다 아닌)

Ex) Neither of my parents is Canadian. -> 단수취급

[주의] none

Ex) None of my friends are married. -> 복수취급

UNIT   86    Old, nice, interesting, etc. (Adjectives)

ㅁ Adjectives

Noun(명사) -> adjective (형용사 : 명사에 색깔을 더해준다.)

Ex1) a houes (Noun) -> a big houes

좀 더 구체적인 표현의 접근

Ex2) The house is big.

Verb(동사) -> adverb(부사)

1. 동사에 색깔을 더해준다.

Ex) He is running. -> He is running fast.

2. 형용사에 색깔을 더해준다.

Ex) a pretty girl -> a very pretty girl

3. 부사에도 색깔을 더해준다.

Ex) a very very pretty girl

★ Adjective

Ex1) an old house

Ex1) You're nice

Ex1) The movie is interesting. -> interesting movie

1. Adjective + Noun -> 명사에 대해서 더 얘기 하고자 할때 adjective

Ex) nice day / blue eyes

2. Be verb + Adjective

Ex) The weather is nice.

☆ look / feel / smell / taste / sound + Adjective (형용사)

감 각 동 사

-> 동사 앞의 '명사'를 의식해서 형용사가 오게된다.

Ex1) It smells good.

Ex1) You look tired.  (O)

You look tiredly. (X)

UNIT 87    Quickly, badly, suddenly, etc. (Adverbs)

★ Adverb : 보통 형용사에 '-ly'를 붙이면 부사가 된다.

Ex1) happy (행복한) -> happily (행복하게)

Ex1) beautiful (아름다운) -> beautifully (아름답게)

★ 형용사와 부사가 형태가 같을 경우

1. hard

Ex) Sue's job is very hard. (수의 직업은 어렵다.)

Sue works very hard. (수는 열심히 일한다.)

cf. hardly (매우 드물게)

2. fast

Ex1) fast car (빠른 차)

He's running fast. (그는 빨리 달린다.)

Ex1) Ben is a fast runner. (벤은 빠른 주자이다.)

Ben can run fast. (벤은 빨리 뛸 수 있다.)

3. late

Ex1) The bus was late.(그 버스는 늦었다.)

I went to bed late. (난 늦게 잠들었다.)

cf. lately (최근에)

★ 특이한 형태의 부사

1. good -> well (부사)

Ex) Your English is very good.

You speak English very well.

2. bad -> badly (부사)

3. well (형용사)

Ex1) well-being : healthy (건강한)

형 +  명

Ex2) A : How are you?

B : I'm very well.

UNIT  88    Old/older and expensive / more expensive

★ Competitive

Noun		Noun
a girl	>	a girl
↓		↓
pretty		pretty

1. 형용사 + er

-> Susan is prettier than Mary.

2. more 형용사

-> 모음 기준으로 2박자 이상 일 때 쓴다.

[예외] '-y'로 끝날 경우는 -er을 쓴다.

Ex1) cheap    -> cheaper

Ex1) big        -> bigger

Ex1) beautiful -> more beautiful

Ex1) pretty     -> prettier

Ex1) heavy    -> heavier

[Exercise 87.3]

Which is right?

1. Don't eat so quick/quickly. It's not good for you.

2. Why are you angry/angrily? I haven't done anything.

3. Can you speak slow/slowly, please?

4. Come on, Dave! Why are you always so slow/slowly?

5. Bill is a very cafeful/carefully driver.

6. Tracy is studying hard/hardly for her exams.

7. "Where's Diane?" "She was here, but she left sudden/suddenly."

8. Please be quiet/quietly. I'm studying.

9. Some companies pay their workers very bad/badly.

10. That jacket looks nice/nicely. Are you going to buy it?

감각동사

[오늘의 팁]

1. 명사를 묘사하는 것은 adjectives이고,

동사나 형용사, 부사를 묘사하는 것은 adverbs이다.

2. look, feel, smell, taste, sound 뒤에는 adjective가 위치한다.

3. 형용사와 부사의 형태가 같거나 형태 변화가 특이한 어휘들을 주의

Basic Grammar in Use Lesson 33

UNIT  89   Older than... and more expensive than...

ㅁ syllable (음절) -> 박자

ㅇ 영어는 vowel(모음)을 기준으로 박자를 센다.

Ex1) old -> 1박자 [이중모음]

Ex2) easy -> 2박자

Ex3) careful -> 2박자

ㅁ Adjective / Adverb

Ex1) a girl -> a pretty girl

Ex2) He is running -> He is running slowly.

ㅁ Competitive (비교급)

1. -er (1박자의 형용사나 부사 뒤에 붙인다.

Ex) old -> older

2. more (2박자 이상인 형용사나 부사앞에 붙인다.)

[예외] 'y'로 끝날 경우는 '-er'을 쓴다.

Ex1) easy -> easier

Ex2) careful -> more careful

Ex3) expensive (3박자)

-> Is it more expensive to go by car or by train?

★ -er / more + than (~보다)

Ex) John is older than Mary

[예외] ㅇ far -> farther

ㅇ good -> better

ㅇ  bad -> worse

★ 유성음(울리는 소리) / 무성음(안 울리는 소리)

Ex) cat + s / pen + s

ㅁ Competitive

ㅁ than (~보다) : preposition

-> than + objective case (me / him/ her/ them)

Ex1) I can run faster than him. (= I can run faster than he can.)

-> I can run fast. / He can (run fast.)

s + v

Ex2) You are a better singer than me.

-> You are a good singer. / I am a good singer.

(You are a better singer than I am.)

ㅁ more / less than

- more than : ~ 보다 더 많은

- less than :  ~ 보다 더 적은

<--- less than 30 -----|------ more than 30--->

25 --------------------30 ------------------- 35

Ex) How much are those shoes? Fifty dollars?

No, more than that. (= more than $50)

ㅁ much (훨씬)

Ex) John is much older than Mary.

Ex) Canada is much bigger than France.

ㅁ a little (조금)

Ex) Emma is a little older than Gary. - she's 26 and he's 24.

UNIT  90    Not as ... as

ㅁ  not as ~ as ((기준)만큼 ~하지 않다.) | as ~ as 만큼 ~하다

-> 기준점을 갖고 얘기할 때

Ex1)

A		B

-> Box A isn't as big as box B. (상자 A는 상자 B 만큼 크지 않다.)

Ex2) She's pretty.

-> She is as pretty as Cleopatra.

ㅇ [as] : (기준) 만큼   Ex1) That isn't as big.

Ex1) Jenny isn't as pretty.

ㅁ as much as ~ / as many as ~

ㅇ as much as ~ : 셀 수 없을 때 (Uncountable)

ㅇ as many as ~ : 셀 수 있을 때 (Countable)

Ex) I haven't got as much money as you. = you've got more money.

ㅁ as : preposition

-> as + objective case (me/him/her/them)

ㅁ the same as ~ (~와 (만큼) 같다)

Ex) The weather today is the same as yesterday.

UNIT 91     The oldest and the most expensive

ㅁSuperlative (최상급)

1. 1박자 단어

-> '-est'를 붙인다.

Ex) tall -> taller (더 큰) -> tallest

Ex) Excuse me, Where is the nearest bank?

2. 2박자이지만 '-y'로 끝나는 단어

-> '-est'를 붙인다.

Ex) easy -> easier (더 쉬운) -> easiest (가장 쉬운)

3. 2박자 이상인 단어

-> 'most'를 앞에 붙인다.

Ex) careful -> more careful -> most careful

상급 앞에는 'the'를 붙인다. (기준은 명사)

/ a/the는 반드시 명사에 붙이는 것이다.

Ex) I like it best. (O) / I like it the best. (X)

ㅁ 비교급 /  최상급

Ex1) good -> better -> best      Ex2) bad -> worse -> worst

ㅁ I've ever p.p~

Ex) She is the most beautiful girl.

-> She is the most beautiful girl I've ever seen.

(그녀는 내가 봤던 여자 중에서 가장 예뻐요.)

Ex) The movie was very bad.

-> I think it's the worst movie I've ever seen.

| worst moive를 뒤에서 절이 꾸며주고 있다. = 형용사절

(내 생각에 그 영화는 내가 봤던 영화중에서 최악의 영화였어.)

- I've ever met (내가 만나본 것 중에서)

- I've ever done (내가 해 본 것 중에서)

- I've ever eaten (내가 먹어본 것 중에서)

UNIT  92    Enough  [enough / too]

ㅁ enough (충분한 -> 상황에 대한 판단 반영)

-> (형용사 +) enough (+ 명사)

Ex) I can't reach the shelf.    ->  I'm not tall enough.

Ex) That's good.              -> That'a good enough.

ㅁ enough ~ to do something

Ex1) I have enough money to buy a car.

Ex2) There aren't enough chairs for everybody to sit.

ㅁ enough for somebody / something

Ex) I went to the store to buy.

-> I went to the store for some bread.

enough + noun     but       adjective + enough

enough money                tall enough

enough time                  good enough

enough people                old enough

UNIT  93   Too

ㅁ too : 과도해서 좋지 않은 느낌 ^^ (애로사항이 있다는 얘기임)

Ex1) too much (너무 많은)

Ex2) too big (너무 큰)

Ex3) too hot (너무 더운)

Ex4) These shoes are too big to wear

[주의] 1. She is too beautiful (X) : 너무 예뻐서 문제될것이 있나요?

-> She is  very / so beautiful. (그녀는 너무 예쁘다.)

2. too cute (X) -> so cute / very cute (O)

ㅁ too ~ to do something

Ex) It's too big to wear.

ㅁ too ~for somebody / something

Ex) It's too big for him to wear.

[Exercise 90.3]* Write as or than.

1. Athens is older than Rome.

2. I don't watch TV as much as you.

3. You eat more than me.

4. I feel better than I felt yesterday.

5. Jim isn't as intelligent as he thinks.

6. Belgium is smaller than Switzerland.

7. Brazil isn't as big as Canada.

8. I can't wait more than an hour.

Basic Grammar in Use Lesson 34

always	go		am	always
often	play		is	often
never	feel		are	never
(etc.)	(etc.)		was	(etc.)
			were
	will		go
	can	always	find
	do	often	remember
	(etc.)	never	(etc.)
	have	(etc.)	gone
	has		been
			(etc.)

[지난시간 복습]

ㅁ enough / too -> 상대적이다.

1. enough : 기준을 충분히 만족시킬 때

Ex) I have enough money. (enough + Noun)

Ex) I am tall enough. (형용사 + enough)

2. not enough : 기준에 미치지 못할 때

3. too : 기준에 넘칠 때 (주로 부정적)

Ex) Emily studies so hard all the time.

열심히

-> I think she studies too much. 지나치게

Ex) She speaks too fast for me to understand.

(for + 대상)

* very / so : 긍정적일 때

Ex) She is very beautiful.

Ex) She is so pretty.

ㅁ enough + for somebody /something

Ex) There aren't enough chairs for everybody to sit.

UNIT 94  He speaks English  very well. (Word order 1)

ㅁ Word order (어순) -> 동사가 어순을 좌우한다.

ㅇ 문장의 구조 : S + V

1. S + V (1형식)

Ex) I am. (X) -> 아직 안 끝난 말

Ex) I am Julian. / I am happy. / I am in the classroom.

Ex) I sleep./ I'm sleeping.

I sleep at 9.

I slept well last night.

꾸며주는 말

2. S + V + □

-> 동사를 설명해 줄 대상이 필요하다.

Ex) I love you     <- 대상이 반드시 나와야 한다.

Ex) Q : Do you like spaghetti? / Do you like Italian food?

A : Yes, I do. / I like it.   <- 뒤에 대상이 와야 한다.

it = spaghetti or Italian food

Ex) I swam. (swim은 대상이 필요하지 않음)

-> I watched TV (watch는 대상이 필요) => 대상을 인식해야 함

Ex) Sue reads the newspaper (evetyday).

영어는 상호작용이 중요한 언어이다.

- 주어와 대상의 관계를 설명한다.

Ex) passive / active

	verb	object
He	speak	English / Korean
I	like	Italian food
Did you	watch	television
We	invite	a lot of people
Paul often	wear	a jacket / a black hat
I	open	the door
I always	make	the same mistake
I'm going to	borrow	some money

ㅁ place and time (어디서 언제 : 장소먼저하고 시간)

Place is usually before time.

★ S + V + where(장소) + when (시간)

장소가 먼저 나오고 시간이 나온다.

Ex) We went to a party last night.

UNIT 95     Always/usually/often, etc (Word order 2)

[빈도부사]

ㅁ Frequent Adverbs (빈도부사)

-  얼마나 자주 에 해당하는 말들

- Be 동사의 뒤에 Do type 동사의 앞에 온다.

always	often	ever	rarely	also	already	all
usually	sometimes	never	seldom	just	still	both

ㅁ 빈도부사 + Do type 동사              ㅁ Be동사 + 빈도부사

UNIT  96   Still, yet, and already

ㅁ still / yet / already

1 still (여전히, 아직도)

-> 위치 : Be 동사 뒤, do type 동사 앞

Ex) I'm still hungry.

Ex) I still have it.

2. yet (아직)

-> 위치 : 문장의 맨 뒤

Ex) Have you done your homework yet?

Ex) I haven't done the shopping yet.

3. already (벌써, 이미)

-> 위치 : Be 동사 뒤, do type 동사 앞

Ex) He is already here.

Ex) I already  know.

UNIT  97    Give me that book! Give it to me!

ㅁ give (~에게 -> ~을/를 주다) :   혼자 이야기가 안 된다.

누구에게 , 무엇을 주는 것이다.   대상이 2개가 있어야 한다.

Ex) I gave him a flower.

-> I gave a flower to him.

순서가 바뀌면 누구에게 준다는 전치사 to를 붙여준다.

** give / lend / pass / send / show

=> After these verbs, there are two possible structures:

(give) something to somebody : I gave the keys to Liz.

(give) somebody something : I gave Liz the keys.

ㅁ 대명사가 올 때

Ex) Give me that book!

Give me it. (X) / Give it to me. (O)

ㅁ '주다' 계통의 동사

give   send   pass   lend   show

[Exercise 97.4]

1. I gave to Liz the keys. / I gave Liz the keys.

2. I'll lend to you some money if you want.

/ I'll lend you some money if you want.

3. Did you send the letter me? /  Did you send the letter to me?

4. I want to buy for you a present. / I want to buy you a present.

5. Can you pass to me the sugar, please?

/ Can you pass me the sugar, please?

6. This is Megan's bag. Can you give it to her?

/ Can you give her it?

7. I showed to the  officer my driver's license.

/ I showed the officer my driver's license.

[오늘의 팁]

1. read, like, watch, invite 등과 같이 대상(목적어)이 필요한 동사는

보통 verb + object 형태로, 바로 뒤에 그 대상이 온다.

2. 영어는 보통 어디서(장소) - 언제 (때)의 순서로 이야기한다.

3. Always, usually 등의 frequency adverbs 와 also, both, still, already     등의 부사는 대개 be type 의 동사 뒤, do type 동사의 앞에 위치

한다. 단 yet 은 문장의 맨 뒤에 오는 것이 일반적이다.

Basic Grammar in Use Lesson 35

[Preposition]

ㅁ Proposition (전치사) :

앞에다 붙이는 것 : on, at, in, etc

- 전치사는 명사(NOUN) 앞에 붙는 접착제이다.

1) 시간에 대한 전치사 (time)

2) 공간에 대한 전치사 (place)

ㅁ at / on / in  (많이 접하는 3대 전치사 ^^)

1. in : 뚜렷한 경계선이 있어 안과 밖이 (범위) 나뉘어 진다.

in (안)<-> out of (밖)

Ex) in the classroom      Ex) in my room

* 추상적인 범위에도 쓴다.

2. on : 표면의 접촉 유무에 따라 나뉘어 진다.

on (닿을 때) <-> off (안 닿을 때)

Ex) on the wall -> The clock is on the wall.

Ex) on the floor

Ex) The light fixtures are on the ceiling.

/고정[고착]물/     /천장/

3. at : 경계선이나 구분이 뚜렷하지 않다. / 하나가 전체이거나 덩어리이다.

Ex) Julien is at the bus stop. (줄리언이 버스 정류장에 있다.)

ㅇ 버스 정류장이 어디부터 어디까지가 없다. 애매모호한 부분

UNIT 98  At 8 o'clock, on Monday, in April, etc

ㅁ at / on / in 의 시간적 개념

1. 해가 뜨고 지는 것이 기준 : day => on

2. 한 달이라는 틀 안에 30일이 들어감 : month => in

-> 30개라는 틀에 30이 들어감

3. 계절의 변화 : season => in

Ex) in the summer / in the winter

4. 4계절이 모두 변함(1년) : year => in

ⓐ 정확한 시간 -> at   Ex) at 7 o'clock

ⓑ 기준이 있는 시간 -> in

- in the morning (오전 : 12시 이전을 기준으로)

- in the afternoon (오후 : 12시 이후를 기준으로)

- in the evening (저녁 : 해가 지는 것을 기준으로)

[예외] at night (밤) : 개념의 경계선이 매우 유동적이므로 at을 쓴다.

-night의 개념:'night'의 개념은 쉬거나 자는 개념이다.(활동의 개념이 X)

-> 저녁 11시에 만나건 7시에 만나도 good evening 이다.

-> 그러나 5시에 자러간다면 good night 이다.

ㅁ 시간 -> at

: 때의 한 순간이나 시각을 나타낸다. / 짧은 시간 앞에 쓰인다.

at       8 o'clock                       Ex) I start work at 8 o'clock

10:30                          Ex) The banks close at 5:00

midnight (밤12시) / noon (낮 12시)

night                             Ex) I can't sleep at night

the end of the month : 월말에   Ex) I'm taking a trip at the           the end of the year : 년말에         end of October.

ㅁ 날짜 -> on : 날, 날짜, 요일, 특정한 날을 나타낸다.

on       Day : Sunday, Monday, Ex) They'll go shopping on Sunday.

날짜 : April 25,             Ex) I was born on September

요일: Monday morning , Tuseday afternoon, Friday night,etc

요일기준 모닝기준이 아니다 ^^

주말 : (the) weekend

ㅁ  on the weekend / at the weekend

ⓐ on the weekend (American English)

: 토요일, 일요일이 주말 (day의 개념이므로 on)

ⓑ at the weekend (British English)

: 개인 각자의 쉬는 날이 주말 (개념이 유동적이므로 at)

->주말은 쉬는 개념 :  월, 화에 쉬는 사람은 그 때가 weekend 이다.

그러므로 개념이 정확치 않으므로 at을 사용한다.

ㅁ on Sunday : '(어느 하루의) 일요일에' 라는 뜻

ㅁ on Sundays : '일요일마다, 일요일에는'의 뜻으로 every Sunday의

의미 (계속되는 습관)

Ex) They go to church on Sundays. (그들은 일요일에는 교회에 간다.)

You can say :

1.Goodbye! See you on Friday. or See you Friday. (with or without on)

2. Do you work on Sunday? or Do you work Sunday?

3.The concert is on November 20th. or The concert is November 20th.

ㅁ 범위가 보인다. -> in : 년, 월, 계절 등 비교적 긴 시간을 나타낸다.

in        달 :  April, May, etc.       Ex) School begins in March.

년도 : 1995, 2005, etc.      Ex) He was born in 1995.

계절 : the spring / summer / fall / winter

the morning / afternoon / evening

Ex) in the future (장래에)

Ex) in her school days (그녀의 학창 시절에)

Ex) in our life (우리 생애에서)

[주의] 월 앞에는 전치사 in을 쓰지만 [~월 ~일]이라고 할 때에는

월 앞에 of 를 사용한다.

Ex) He died on the third fo July = He died on July 3.

[cf.] on time : 시간을 어기지 않고, 정각에

| The plane will arrive here on time.

in time : 시간에 늦지 않게, 알맞은 때에

| He will be here in time for the meeting

ㅁ 순서개념이 있을 때는 in / on / at 을 생략할 수 있다.

(We do not use at/on/in before next/last/this/every.)

-> next / last / this / every

Ex) See you (next) Monday. /  See you on Monday. (X)

Ex) See you next class.

Ex) I'm going to Chicago next Monday. (not on next Monday)

Ex) We go on vacation every summer. Last summer we went to          Europe.             (not in every summer)

ㅁ in (~뒤에) : 시간의 경과를 나타낸다. 주로 미래시제에 사용된다.

Ex) in five miniutes (5분 뒤에)

Ex) in a few days (며칠 뒤에)

Ex) in six weeks (6주 뒤에)

Ex) in two years (2년뒤에)

Ex) Hurry! The train leaves in five minutes.

= it leaves five minutes from now

Ex) Goodbye! I'll see you in a few days. = a few days from now

12시 15분     ->  12시 20분

now               in five minutes

UNIT 99  From... to, until, since, and for

ㅁ from ~to / until (~부터 ~까지)

Ex) from Monday to wednesday

* I work from Monday to Friday

Ex) from 1982 until 1990

* We lived in Canada from 1982 until 1990.

------|---- from Monday to Friday --->|------

Monday                            Friday

ㅁ until + the end of a period of time

(~까지) : 혼자 쓸때는 until 만 사용한다.

until       Friday

December

3 o'clock

I come back. (S+V) : 문장이 와도 된다.

-------------- until Friday -->|--------

Friday

Ex) They're going away tomorrow. They'll be away until Friday.

the end of a period of time

Ex) I went to bed early, but I wasn't tired. I read a book until 3 A.M

Ex) Wait here until I come back.

ㅁ You can also say till (= Until).

Ex) Wait here till I come back.

ㅁ Compare :

Ex) " How long will you be away?"  "Until Monday."

Ex) " When are you coming back?"  " On Monday."

[C] since + a time in the past (to now) => (~ 이래로 지금까지 쭉~)

* We use since after the present perfect (have been/ have done, etc)

since      Monday

1998

2:30

I arrived (문장이 와도 된다.)

Ex) John is in the hospital. He has been there since Monday.

(= from Monday to now)

Ex) Mr. and Mrs. Han have been married since 1988.

(= from 1988 to now)

Ex) It's been raining since I arrived.

------|------ since Monday ---->|----------

Monday                          now

ㅁ Compare :

Ex) We lived in Canada from 1982 to 1990.

We lived in Canada until 1990.

Ex) Now we live in Japan. We came to Japan in 1990.

We've lived in Japan since 1990. (= from 1990 until now)

ㅁ We use for (not since) + a period of time

(three days / ten years / a long time, etc)

Ex) We've lived in Japan for a long time. (not since a long time)

[D] for + a period of time (~동안)

Ex) for five days / for a long time

for       three days

ten years

ten minutes

a long time

Ex) Ed stayed with us for three days.

Ex) She's been married for ten years.

Ex) I'm going away for a few weeks.

Ex) I'm going away for the weekend.

------|<------ for three days ---->|----------

Monday      Tuesday        Wednesday

UNIT 100  Before, after, during, and while

ㅁ before / during / after

1. before (~전에)  + [S + V]  명사도 / 문장도 가능

Ex) before the movie

명사

Ex) Everybody is nervous before exams.

Ex) Don't forget to close the window befor you go out.

2. after (~후에) + [S + V] 명사도 / 문장도 가능

Ex) after the movie

Ex) We were tired after our visit to the museum.

Ex) They watched TV after they did the dishes.

3. during (~중간에) : 명사만 된다.

-> during + [S + V] (X)

-> We use during + noun (during the movie).

-> We use while + Verb (while I'm watching)

Ex) I fell asleep during the movie.

Ex) I often fall asleep while I'm reading.

Ex) We didn't speak during the meal.

Ex) We didn't speak while we were eating.

(not during we were eating)

★ during은 명사용 접착제 (전치사)

★ while + [S +V] : 문장용 접착제

Ex) during the movie

[Exercise  100.2]  * Write during / while / for.

1. We didn't speak while we were eating.

문장이므로

2. We didn't speak during the meal.

명사 접착제

3. Eric called while you were out.

4. I stayed in Rome for five days.

기간

5. Karen wrote a lot of letters while she was on vacation.

문장용

6. The students looked very board during the class.

명사용

7. I fell out of bed while I was asleep.

* while you were sleeping (당신이 잠든 사이에)

문장용

8. Last night I watched TV for six hours.

9. I don't usually watch TV during the day.

명사

10. Do you ever  watch TV while you're having dinner?

[오늘의 팁]

1. 시간에 대한 전치사 in은 month, season, year 등에 쓰이고,

on은 day, at은 시간에 주로 쓰인다. 단, next, last, this, every

등의 어휘 앞에서는 이러한 전치사를 쓰지 않는다.

* 다음 중 틀린 문장은?

1. Fred is taking a long trip to Ireland in February.

month

2. Anne goes on vacation every summer.

in 을 사용하지 않음

3. The rain finished in lunchtime.

at

4. I'm leaving on Thursday morning.

2. from은~부터의 의미로 to나 until을 써서 언제까지임을 나타낼 수있다.

그러나, since는 ~부터의 의미에 현재까지라는 의미가 포함되어 있다.

1. Janet lived in London since 1998 until 1999.

from

2. Stay here until I come back.

문장도 가능

3. I worked in a bank until 1988.

4. It's been raining since I arrived.

지금까지도 온다

3. ~동안이라는 의미를 갖는 during은 뒤에 명사가, while은 주어 +동사     혹은 ~ing형태가 오고, 3 years 와 같은 일정 기간이 나오는 경우에는     for를 사용한다.

1. We visited many places while the vacation.

during 명사형

2. Sharon fell asleep during the class.

명사형

3. Tom took pictures while we're playing tennis.

문장형

4. It's been raining for two hours.

Exercise 98.1 Write at or in

1. Emma was born in 1984.

2. I got up at 8 o'clock this morning.

3. I like to get up early in the morning.

4. I like to look at the stars at night.

5. My brother got married in May.

6. We often go to the  beach in the summer.

7. Let's meet at 7:30 tomorrow evening.

8. The company started in 1989.

9. I'll send you the money at the end of the month.

10. The cafe is open in the evening. It closes at midnight.